A discrete random variable X follows a binomial distribution if it represents the number of successes in a fixed number of Bernoulli trials with the same probability of success. The binomial distribution is denoted as $X \sim \text{Binomial}(n, p)$, where n is the number of trials and p is the proba...
Programowanie obiektowe (ang. Object-Oriented Programming, OOP) to jeden z najpopularniejszych i najbardziej przemyślanych sposobów tworzenia oprogramowania. Polega na organizowaniu kodu w logiczne jednostki (obiekty), które łączą dane (atrybuty) i funkcje (metody) w jedną spójną całość. Dzięki temu...
Szablony (ang. templates) stanowią fundament nowoczesnego programowania w języku C++. Są jednym z najbardziej potężnych narzędzi oferowanych przez ten język, umożliwiając programistom pisanie bardziej elastycznego i wielokrotnego użytku kodu. Dzięki szablonom, można tworzyć funkcje i klasy, które dz...
Welcome back to our journey through SQL! Today, we're diving into the world of Data Control Language, or DCL for short. If you've ever wondered how databases manage permissions and keep data secure, DCL is the key. Think of it as the security guard of your database, controlling who can access or mod...
Serializacja to proces przekształcania obiektów lub struktur danych w format, który można łatwo przechowywać, przesyłać i odtwarzać. Dzięki serializacji możemy zapisać stan obiektu w pliku, przesłać go przez sieć lub przechowywać w bazie danych, a następnie w dowolnym momencie przywrócić go do pierw...
Exploring the differences between row-based and column-based databases can help you make informed decisions about data storage and retrieval strategies. This guide delves into the characteristics, use cases, and trade-offs of these two database models, providing clarity on how each can impact perfor...
The find, locate, and which commands are commonly used for file search operations. The find command performs a comprehensive search using attributes such as name, size, and type. locate provides a faster, albeit periodically updated, search by filename. which locates the path of a program's executab...
Exploring how databases store tables and indexes on disk can provide valuable insights into optimizing performance and managing data efficiently. Let's delve into the fundamental concepts of disk storage in relational databases, focusing on the structures and mechanisms that underlie data organizati...
Let's talk about some seriously useful tricks that'll make your command-line life much easier. Ever find yourself thinking "I know I ran that command yesterday, but what was it again?" or "There has to be a faster way to do this!" Well, you're in luck - the terminal has some fantastic features to he...
Operacje bitowe umożliwiają manipulację poszczególnymi bitami w liczbie. Są one niezbędne w wielu niskopoziomowych zadaniach programistycznych, takich jak prace z rejestrami, komunikacja sprzętowa czy optymalizacje. W językach C i C++ dostępne są następujące operacje bitowe...
Expected Value (E), also known as the mean, is the long-run average of a random variable, representing the value we anticipate on average from repeated random draws from a population...
Some git commands are powerful but risky because they can rewrite history, move branch tips, or discard work. Used carelessly, they break open reviews, hide teammates’ changes, and make it hard to trace what actually shipped. Treat history edits as exceptional: prefer additive fixes for shared code...
UX, or User Experience, focuses on designing products and services that meet user needs, preferences, and behaviors. The goal is to ensure the experience is intuitive and seamless...
Master-Standby replication is a widely adopted database replication topology where a primary database server, known as the master, replicates data to one or more secondary servers called standbys. This setup enhances data availability, fault tolerance, and load balancing within a database system. St...
Pyenv to potężne narzędzie open-source, które umożliwia programistom łatwe zarządzanie wieloma wersjami Pythona na jednym komputerze. Dzięki Pyenv można nie tylko instalować i przełączać się między różnymi wersjami Pythona, ale także izolować środowiska dla poszczególnych projektów. Jest to szczegól...
NumPy, short for Numerical Python, is an important library for scientific and numerical computing in Python. It introduces the ndarray, a powerful multi-dimensional array object that allows for efficient storage and manipulation of large datasets. Unlike standard Python lists, NumPy arrays support v...
Indexes play a crucial role in enhancing database query performance by allowing quick data retrieval without scanning every row in a table. Different indexing strategies are suited for various use cases and data types. Let's explore four common indexing strategies: B-tree, Bitmap, Hash, and Full-Tex...
Shared and exclusive locks are used in database systems for managing concurrent access to data. They ensure that transactions occur without conflicting with each other, maintaining the integrity and consistency of the database...
A continuous random variable X follows a uniform distribution over an interval [a, b] if it has a constant probability density over that interval. The uniform distribution is denoted as $X \sim \text{Uniform}(a, b)$...
Simple linear regression is a statistical method used to model the relationship between a single dependent variable and one independent variable. It aims to find the best-fitting straight line through the data points, which can be used to predict the dependent variable based on the independent varia...
Environment Modules is a powerful and flexible tool that enables dynamic modification of a user's environment via modulefiles. Each modulefile contains the information necessary to configure the shell for a specific application or version, allowing users to seamlessly switch between different softwa...
Simpson's Rule is a powerful technique in numerical integration, utilized for approximating definite integrals when an exact antiderivative of the function is difficult or impossible to determine analytically. This method enhances the accuracy of integral approximations by modeling the region under ...
The CAP Theorem states that a distributed system cannot simultaneously guarantee all three of the following properties...
Git is a powerful tool, but its complexity often puzzles newcomers. Let’s break down some typical areas where users get tripped up in simpler terms...
Dziedziczenie to mechanizm w programowaniu obiektowym, który pozwala na tworzenie nowych klas, wykorzystując część kodu z klasy już istniejącej. Klasa, z której dziedziczymy, nazywana jest klasą bazową lub rodzicem, natomiast klasa dziedzicząca to klasa pochodna lub dziecko. Dziedziczenie pozwala kl...
Na rynku dostępnych jest wiele różnorodnych systemów zarządzania bazami danych (DBMS). Każdy z nich posiada specyficzne wady i zalety. Jednym z popularnych, lekkich DBMS jest SQLite. Kluczowe cechy SQLite to...
Funkcje są blokami instrukcji zamkniętymi pod jedną nazwą i pozwalającymi na kontrolowanie z zewnątrz poprzez przekazywanie argumentów. Definicja funkcji polega na określeniu, które instrukcje należą do ciała funkcji, ile argumentów oczekuje funkcja oraz jaką nazwą będzie ona wywoływana w innych mie...
The Secant Method is a root-finding algorithm used in numerical analysis to approximate the zeros of a given function $f(x)$. It can be regarded as a derivative-free variant of Newton's method. Instead of computing the derivative $f'(x)$ at each iteration (as done in Newton’s method), it approximate...
Heun's method is an improved version of Euler's method that enhances accuracy by using an average of the slope at the beginning and the predicted slope at the end of the interval...
Programowanie asynchroniczne to paradygmat, który umożliwia wykonywanie operacji w sposób nieblokujący, pozwalając na równoczesne przetwarzanie wielu zadań w ramach jednego wątku. W przeciwieństwie do tradycyjnego programowania synchronicznego, gdzie operacje są wykonywane sekwencyjnie i każda musi ...
Before choosing a branching strategy, it helps to decide what you’re optimizing for: speed, safety, or simplicity. Different teams and projects lean different ways—startups with small codebases won’t work the same as larger, multi-repo setups. This overview lays out the options and how to adapt them...
Statistics, at its core, is the science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. It serves as a foundational pillar for fields such as data science, economics, and social sciences. An important component of statistics is understanding various distributions or, as some textbooks refer to them...
Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD), also known as Eigendecomposition, is a fundamental operation in linear algebra that breaks down a square matrix into a simpler form defined by its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. This decomposition provides deep insights into the properties and structure of a matrix, en...
Querying NoSQL databases requires a different approach compared to relational databases due to their diverse data models and storage mechanisms. This guide focuses on MongoDB, a popular NoSQL database, and explores how to query data effectively using its powerful query language...
Linux is a known for its ability to run on a broad range of hardware, from desktops and servers to embedded systems and IoT devices. Its modular kernel design allows efficient hardware management, enabling Linux to support various processors, GPUs, storage devices, and peripherals. With a vast colle...