In many areas of life, we come across systems where elements are deeply interconnected—whether through physical routes, digital networks, or abstract relationships. Graphs offer a flexible way to represent and make sense of these connections...
Multithreading refers to the capability of a CPU, or a single core within a multi-core processor, to execute multiple threads concurrently. A thread is the smallest unit of processing that can be scheduled by an operating system. In a multithreaded environment, a program, or process, can perform mul...
Query optimization is about making SQL queries run more efficiently. The database figures out the best way to execute a query so it uses fewer resources and runs faster. This helps keep the system responsive and makes things smoother for the users and applications that depend on the data...
Matrices represent images, game boards, and maps. Many classic problems reduce to transforming matrices, traversing them, or treating grids as graphs for search...
Some git commands are powerful but risky because they can rewrite history, move branch tips, or discard work. Used carelessly, they break open reviews, hide teammates’ changes, and make it hard to trace what actually shipped. Treat history edits as exceptional: prefer additive fixes for shared code...
HEAD is Git’s pointer to the snapshot you’re currently working on—the bookmark of your checkout. Most of the time, HEAD points to the tip of a branch (like master or main). When you commit, HEAD (and that branch) advance to the new commit...
Git stores your project as a graph of immutable objects. At the leaves are blobs: raw file contents with no filenames attached. Trees sit above blobs and act like directories; a tree is just a list that maps a filename and a mode to either another tree (subfolder) or a blob (file). Commits point to ...
Git branches are lightweight names that point to commits. Think of them as parallel timelines: you can try ideas on a branch without touching main, then merge back when you’re happy...
Before choosing a branching strategy, it helps to decide what you’re optimizing for: speed, safety, or simplicity. Different teams and projects lean different ways—startups with small codebases won’t work the same as larger, multi-repo setups. This overview lays out the options and how to adapt them...
Running your own Git server is about owning your source of truth. Your repos live where you decide, under rules you set, at a pace you control. That means you decide who can read and write, how code moves to production, and how the system grows as your team and projects grow. It’s pure Git under the...
Git is a version control system (VCS) created by Linus Torvalds, the same person who developed the Linux kernel. It’s a tool for tracking changes to files over time, mainly used in software development but useful for any project that involves evolving files...
git archive is your clean-room packager. It snapshots exactly what Git tracks at a commit—no .git folder, no stray build junk, no temp files. This means you can hand someone a tidy source bundle or ship code to a server without dragging history along...
The three core actions you’ll perform most often in Git are staging, committing, and undoing changes...
Tags mark exact commits. They’re perfect for releases, rollbacks, changelogs, and CI/CD triggers. Unlike branches, tags don’t move—ever—so you can always point to the exact build you shipped...
Git offers several ways to inspect and understand what has changed in your codebase. Mastering these commands helps you monitor progress, spot issues early, and keep your project history organized. Think of it like reading the "track changes" feature in a word processor—but for your entire code proj...
Searching refers to the process of finding the location of a specific element within a collection of data, such as an array, list, tree, or graph. It underpins many applications, from databases and information retrieval to routing and artificial intelligence. Depending on the organization of the dat...
Multiprocessing involves running multiple processes simultaneously. Each process has its own memory space, making them more isolated from each other compared to threads, which share the same memory. This isolation means that multiprocessing can be more robust and less prone to errors from shared sta...
Asynchronous programming is a technique used to achieve concurrency, where tasks can be executed independently without waiting for other tasks to finish. It allows for nonblocking behavior, in contrast to synchronous execution that waits for one task to complete before starting the next task...
Greedy algorithms build a solution one step at a time. At each step, grab the option that looks best right now by some simple rule (highest value, earliest finish, shortest length, etc.). Keep it if it doesn’t break the rules of the problem...
Dynamic Programming (DP) is a way to solve complex problems by breaking them into smaller, easier problems. Instead of solving the same small problems again and again, DP stores their solutions in a structure like an array, table, or map. This avoids wasting time on repeated calculations and makes t...
In computer science, a collection (often interchangeably referred to as a container) is a sophisticated data structure designed to hold multiple entities, these could be simple elements like numbers or text strings, or more complex objects like user-defined structures. Collections help you store, or...
In the realm of computer science, 'sorting' refers to the process of arranging a collection of items in a specific, predetermined order. This order is based on certain criteria that are defined beforehand...
Data structures and algorithms are fundamental concepts in computer science that are key to building efficient software...
Backtracking is a method used to solve problems by building potential solutions step by step. If it becomes clear that a partial solution cannot lead to a valid final solution, the process "backtracks" by undoing the last step and trying a different path. This approach is commonly applied to constra...
Programming puzzles and brain teasers are a fun way to sharpen your coding and problem-solving skills. You’ll often see them in technical interviews, where they’re used to test how you think, analyze problems, and come up with efficient solutions. To do well, it helps to practice and build solid str...
Check out these curated resources to support your projects and designs. You'll find templates, components, fonts, and color palettes to fit your needs...
In any operating system, a process is the fundamental unit of execution—a live instance of a program. Beyond its executable code (the text segment), a process encompasses its dynamic state: the program counter, CPU registers, call stack, heap, and other variable storage. To manage and schedule these...
File permissions are crucial in any Unix-like operating systems, including Linux, which employ several mechanisms for controlling access to files and directories. These mechanisms include standard permissions, special permissions, and access control lists (ACLs)...
Let's talk about some seriously useful tricks that'll make your command-line life much easier. Ever find yourself thinking "I know I ran that command yesterday, but what was it again?" or "There has to be a faster way to do this!" Well, you're in luck - the terminal has some fantastic features to he...
Transaction isolation levels are essential for maintaining data integrity and managing concurrency in database systems. Two of the highest isolation levels are Serializable and Repeatable Read, each offering different guarantees to prevent anomalies that can occur when multiple transactions interact...
Understanding the behavior of time series data is crucial across various fields such as finance, economics, and engineering. Statistical moments, especially the mean and standard deviation, are essential tools in summarizing and analyzing time series data. This section explores how these statistical...
Statistical hypothesis testing is a method used in research to make inferences about populations based on sample data. Understanding the concepts of null and alternative hypotheses, as well as how to calculate and interpret p-values, is crucial for conducting robust and meaningful analyses. This sec...
A firewall is like a guard for your computer. It keeps your computer safe from others who shouldn't use it. It checks the information going in and out and follows safety rules. In Linux, there are several utilities to manage your firewall, including iptables, ufw, and firewalld...
We'll explore the inner workings of the Linux kernel, focusing on how it loads and executes binaries. We'll dive into the execve system call, build a custom kernel, and use debugging tools to see the execution process in action. Whether you're a seasoned developer or just curious about operating sys...
In Unix, files and filesystems are important components of the operating system's structure. A file is a collection of data stored on disk, which can include anything from text documents and images to executable programs. Files are organized within directories in a hierarchical structure, allowing f...