LDAP is a protocol used to access and manage directory information over an IP network. It is open, vendor-neutral, and an industry standard. LDAP is commonly used for centralized authentication, where user credentials and permissions are managed in a single directory and applied across multiple syst...
Aby zainstalować Git, należy pobrać instalator z oficjalnej strony https://git-scm.com/downloads i przejść przez proces instalacji. W systemie Linux dla wersji opartych na Debianie, można użyć polecenia...
Tags mark exact commits. They’re perfect for releases, rollbacks, changelogs, and CI/CD triggers. Unlike branches, tags don’t move—ever—so you can always point to the exact build you shipped...
MongoDB is a popular open-source NoSQL database management system that offers a flexible and scalable approach to data storage. Instead of using the traditional table-based relational database structure, MongoDB stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents, which means fields can vary from document ...
Regression analysis and curve fitting are important tools in statistics, econometrics, engineering, and modern machine-learning pipelines. At their core they seek a deterministic (or probabilistic) mapping $\widehat f: \mathcal X \longrightarrow \mathcal Y$ that minim...
$$\int_{1}^{2} x^2 dx \approx \sum_{i=1}^{10} h \cdot f(1 + 0.1i)$...
Funkcje lambda, zwane również funkcjami anonimowymi, są narzędziem szeroko stosowanym w programowaniu funkcyjnym. Są to krótkie, jedno-wierszowe funkcje, które nie posiadają przypisanej nazwy i są używane tam, gdzie zdefiniowanie pełnoprawnej funkcji byłoby nadmiarowe lub zbędne. W Pythonie i wielu ...
Designing parallel programs involves breaking down computational tasks into smaller, concurrent units to be executed simultaneously. This approach leverages the power of multiple processors to enhance performance and efficiency. Key steps in this process include partitioning, communication, agglomer...
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique in machine learning for dimensionality reduction. It simplifies the complexity in high-dimensional data while retaining trends and patterns...
Matrices are often described as rectangular arrays of numbers organized into rows and columns, and they form the bedrock of numerous processes in numerical methods. People use them for solving systems of linear equations, transforming geometric data, and carrying out many algorithmic tasks that lie ...
Check out these curated resources to support your projects and designs. You'll find templates, components, fonts, and color palettes to fit your needs...
Generator to specjalny rodzaj funkcji w Pythonie, który umożliwia zwracanie wartości pojedynczo zamiast wszystkich naraz, tak jak w przypadku listy lub innego iterowalnego obiektu. Dzięki temu generatory są bardziej wydajne pod względem zużycia pamięci, ponieważ nie muszą przechowywać całej kolekcji...
Kod może być składniowo poprawny, ale jednocześnie nieczytelny lub źle zorganizowany. Przestrzeganie pewnych standardów i konwencji pisania kodu jest niezbędne, zwłaszcza gdy w projekcie uczestniczy wielu programistów. Konwencje te opisane są w dokumentach PEP (Python Enhancement Proposals), a wśród...
A Unix shell is a command-line interpreter that provides a user interface for accessing an operating system's services. It allows users to execute commands, run programs, and manage system resources. The shell acts as an intermediary between the user and the operating system kernel, translating user...
Git is a version control system (VCS) created by Linus Torvalds, the same person who developed the Linux kernel. It’s a tool for tracking changes to files over time, mainly used in software development but useful for any project that involves evolving files...
Pandas to potężna biblioteka w języku Python, przeznaczona do analizy i przetwarzania danych. Jednym z kluczowych zastosowań Pandas jest obsługa plików CSV (Comma-Separated Values). Biblioteka ta udostępnia funkcje takie jak to_csv() do zapisywania ramki danych (DataFrame) do pliku CSV oraz read_csv...
Tworzenie plików wykonywalnych z kodu Python to skuteczny sposób na dostarczenie aplikacji użytkownikom, którzy nie mają zainstalowanego interpretera Pythona na swoim komputerze. Jest to szczególnie przydatne w środowiskach korporacyjnych oraz wśród użytkowników niezwiązanych z programowaniem, gdzie...
The Jacobi method is a classical iterative algorithm used to approximate the solution of a system of linear equations $A\mathbf{x} = \mathbf{b}$. Instead of attempting to solve the system directly using methods such as Gaussian elimination, the Jacobi method iteratively refines an initial guess for ...
Anomaly detection involves identifying data points that significantly differ from the majority of the data, often signaling unusual or suspicious activities. This technique is widely used across various domains, such as fraud detection, manufacturing, and system monitoring...
PIP (Python Package Installer) to menedżer pakietów dla języka Python, który ułatwia zarządzanie pakietami z repozytorium PyPI (Python Package Index). PIP pozwala na łatwą instalację, aktualizację i usuwanie pakietów, co jest nieocenione przy rozbudowie projektów i zarządzaniu zależnościami...
Parallel computing is the process of breaking a task into smaller parts that can be processed simultaneously by multiple processors. These notes explore the different ways of achieving parallelism in hardware and their impact on parallel computing performance...
When facing high error rates with a machine learning model, especially when tested on new data, various strategies can be employed to diagnose and address the problem...
Hypothesis testing is a tool in statistics that drives much of scientific research. It lets us draw conclusions about entire populations based on the information we collect from samples. You'll find it applied in many areas—from evaluating how well a new drug works in clinical trials to unraveling t...
Backup and recovery strategies are essential components of any robust database management plan, ensuring that data remains durable, available, and that business operations can continue uninterrupted. One of the significant challenges in designing these strategies is performing backups without disrup...
A distribution is a function that describes the probability of a random variable. It helps to understand the underlying patterns and characteristics of a dataset. Distributions are widely used in statistics, data analysis, and machine learning for tasks such as hypothesis testing, confidence interva...
Database caching is a powerful performance optimization technique that involves temporarily storing frequently accessed data in a cache for quick retrieval. By keeping commonly requested information readily available, caching reduces the time it takes to access data and lessens the load on the datab...
Aby rozpocząć programowanie w Pythonie, konieczne jest przygotowanie odpowiedniego środowiska pracy. Dla większości użytkowników oznacza to pobranie i zainstalowanie odpowiedniej wersji interpretera Pythona. Poniżej znajduje się szczegółowy przewodnik dotyczący instalacji Pythona w systemie Windows...
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers that can be viewed as a function mapping each natural number $n$ to a specific value $a_n$. More formally, a sequence ${a_n}$ is a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers, and the values are called the terms of the sequence...
Stationarity is an important idea in time series analysis. A time series is considered stationary if its statistical properties—like the mean, variance, and autocovariance—stay constant over time. This matters because methods like ARIMA and ARMA are designed to work with stationary data, so it’s a g...
Gradient Descent is a fundamental first-order optimization algorithm widely used in mathematics, statistics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Its principal aim is to find the minimum of a given differentiable function $f(x)$. Instead of searching blindly, it uses gradient information —...
Enum (od angielskiego słowa "enumerate" - numerować) to specjalny typ danych w Pythonie, który pozwala na definiowanie uporządkowanych zestawów nazwanych wartości. Wartości te są unikalne i niemodyfikowalne, co czyni je idealnymi do reprezentowania stałych w kodzie...
Deadlocks are a critical issue in database systems that occur when two or more transactions are waiting indefinitely for each other to release locks on resources. This situation leads to a standstill where none of the involved transactions can proceed, potentially halting system operations and affec...
In time series modeling, invertibility is the property of a model that allows the innovation process (also called the noise or disturbance process) to be expressed as a function of the observed series and its past values. This is particularly relevant for Moving Average (MA) models...
SQL Injection Attacks are a security concern in web applications. We'll explore how these attacks occur, examine concrete examples, and discuss effective prevention strategies. By the end of this journey, you'll have a solid understanding of SQL Injection and how to protect your applications from su...
W języku C++ liczby losowe generuje się za pomocą standardowej biblioteki . Proces losowania zaczyna się od utworzenia generatora liczb pseudolosowych, np. std::mt19937, który bazuje na algorytmie Mersenne Twister. Aby uzyskać bardziej losowe wyniki, generator inicjalizuje się za pomocą unik...