File permissions are crucial in any Unix-like operating systems, including Linux, which employ several mechanisms for controlling access to files and directories. These mechanisms include standard permissions, special permissions, and access control lists (ACLs)...
The Dynamic Window Manager (DWM) is a minimal, lightweight, and highly efficient tiling window manager designed to help you manage application windows in a clean and distraction-free manner. Instead of overlapping windows as seen in traditional window managers, DWM organizes windows in a tiled layou...
What happens between the time you push the power button and the time you see the login prompt...
So, you've built your website, but it's still confined to your local machine? Web hosting is the bridge that makes your site accessible to the world. Here's a guide on how to get your website live...
Kod bajtowy (ang. bytecode) w Pythonie to po艣rednia, niskopoziomowa reprezentacja kodu 藕r贸d艂owego, kt贸ra jest zrozumia艂a dla wirtualnej maszyny Pythona (Python Virtual Machine, PVM). Kiedy uruchamiamy skrypt Pythona, interpreter nie wykonuje bezpo艣rednio kodu 藕r贸d艂owego; zamiast tego, najpierw kompi...
The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a standardized and portable message-passing system designed to function on a wide variety of parallel computing architectures. It provides a set of library routines that can be called from programming languages like C, C++, and Fortran to write parallel applica...
Szablony (ang. templates) stanowi膮 fundament nowoczesnego programowania w j臋zyku C++. Umo偶liwiaj膮 one tworzenie kodu generycznego, kt贸ry mo偶e dzia艂a膰 z r贸偶nymi typami danych bez konieczno艣ci jego duplikacji. Szablony s膮 kluczowym elementem metaprogramowania w C++, pozwalaj膮c na wykonywanie oblicze艅 ...
Programowanie obiektowe to paradygmat programowania, w kt贸rym skomplikowane problemy s膮 dzielone na mniejsze cz臋艣ci poprzez definiowanie obiekt贸w. Ka偶dy obiekt reprezentuje jak膮艣 cz臋艣膰 problemu i zawiera dane oraz funkcje, kt贸re na nich operuj膮. Oto kilka kluczowych poj臋膰 zwi膮zanych z programowaniem...
W j臋zyku C++ poj臋cia L-warto艣ci (ang. l-value) i R-warto艣ci (ang. r-value) s膮 fundamentalne dla zrozumienia mechanizm贸w przypisywania, przekazywania argument贸w do funkcji, zarz膮dzania pami臋ci膮 oraz optymalizacji kodu. Precyzyjne rozr贸偶nienie mi臋dzy tymi kategoriami warto艣ci jest kluczowe dla pisania...
Input redirection (<) allows a command to read from a file, while output redirection (>) sends a command's output to a file. Streams like stdin, stdout, and stderr control the flow of data between commands and the system, where stdin is the input, stdout is the standard output, and stderr is the err...
A Unix shell is a command-line interpreter that provides a user interface for accessing an operating system's services. It allows users to execute commands, run programs, and manage system resources. The shell acts as an intermediary between the user and the operating system kernel, translating user...
The grep command is one of the most powerful and versatile tools in the Unix and Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and macOS. Its name stands for global regular expression print, and it is primarily used for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression or a fix...
A firewall is like a guard for your computer. It keeps your computer safe from others who shouldn't use it. It checks the information going in and out and follows safety rules. In Linux, there are several utilities to manage your firewall, including iptables, ufw, and firewalld...
Linux is a known for its ability to run on a broad range of hardware, from desktops and servers to embedded systems and IoT devices. Its modular kernel design allows efficient hardware management, enabling Linux to support various processors, GPUs, storage devices, and peripherals. With a vast colle...
In Unix, files and filesystems are fundamental components of the operating system's structure. A file is a collection of data stored on disk, which can include anything from text documents and images to executable programs. Files are organized within directories in a hierarchical structure, allowing...
Virtual machines have revolutionized the way we approach computing resources by enabling the creation of software-based representations of physical hardware. This concept, known as virtualization, allows us to emulate hardware components like CPUs, memory, storage devices, and network interfaces, pr...
We will now delve deeply into the Linux kernel to understand its role in the operating system, where it resides on your system, and how kernel modules function. We will also explore how to download and examine the Linux kernel source code, and discuss the various configuration options available with...
We will discuss various tools that can be used on Linux systems for tasks such as taking screenshots, recording screens, preparing bootable sticks, and detecting malware. It provides brief explanations of each tool and includes installation and usage instructions...
Working with files on Unix-based systems often involves managing multiple files and directories, especially when it comes to storage or transferring data. Tools like tar and gzip are invaluable for packaging and compressing files efficiently. Understanding how to use these commands can simplify task...
In Unix-like operating systems, variables play a crucial role in the functionality of the shell, acting as containers to store data, configuration settings, and system information. There are primarily two types of variables in a shell environment: environment variables and shell variables...
Performance monitoring helps you identify bottlenecks or issues that may be affecting your system's performance. We'll now explore some tools and techniques available for monitoring performance and explain some usage statistics, such as CPU and RAM usage...
Let's explore important commands and techniques for efficiently retrieving information and navigating the command line. Understanding how to review past commands, access command documentation, and search for relevant tools are key skills for working effectively in the terminal...
The ability to manage and monitor disk usage comes handy when maintaining servers. Disk usage is often checked when diagnosing system issues, planning for future storage requirements, or cleaning up unused files and directories...
Mounting and unmounting are fundamental concepts in Linux that allow you to interact with storage devices like hard drives, USB sticks, and even ISO images. Understanding these processes is crucial for managing file systems and ensuring data integrity...
LDAP is a protocol used to access and manage directory information over an IP network. It is open, vendor-neutral, and an industry standard. LDAP is commonly used for centralized authentication, where user credentials and permissions are managed in a single directory and applied across multiple syst...
Encryption is the cornerstone of modern data security, ensuring that information remains confidential and unaltered during storage and transmission. By converting plaintext into ciphertext using cryptographic algorithms, encryption protects data from unauthorized access and tampering...
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a robust security module integrated into the Linux kernel that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies. Unlike traditional discretionary access control (DAC) systems where users have control over their own files and processes, SELinux...
Inodes are critical as they store essential metadata about files, such as permissions and locations, allowing efficient file system management. Hard links are important because they let multiple file names point to the same inode, saving disk space by avoiding data duplication. Symlinks provide flex...
Networking is the practice of connecting computers and devices so that they can communicate and exchange data. It forms the backbone of the internet, local area networks, and even small home networks. To grasp the intricacies of networking, it's imperative to familiarize oneself with key terminologi...
Wska藕nik w j臋zyku C++ to specjalny typ zmiennej, kt贸ry przechowuje adres innego miejsca w pami臋ci. Dzi臋ki wska藕nikom mo偶na nie tylko odczytywa膰, ale tak偶e modyfikowa膰 warto艣ci przechowywane pod tym adresem. Operowanie na wska藕nikach jest kluczowe dla efektywnego zarz膮dzania pami臋ci膮 i dynamicznego a...
C i C++ to dwa j臋zyki programowania o wsp贸lnych korzeniach, kt贸re odgrywaj膮 kluczowe role w dziedzinie informatyki. Chocia偶 C++ jest cz臋sto okre艣lany jako rozszerzenie C, r贸偶nice mi臋dzy nimi s膮 na tyle znacz膮ce, 偶e warto je szczeg贸艂owo om贸wi膰. W poni偶szym tek艣cie przedstawimy dog艂臋bn膮 analiz臋 obu j臋...
Typ wyliczeniowy enum w C++ umo偶liwia tworzenie zmiennych mog膮cych przyjmowa膰 tylko pewien, wst臋pnie okre艣lony zestaw warto艣ci. Ka偶da z tych warto艣ci reprezentowana jest przez czyteln膮 nazw臋, co przyczynia si臋 do zwi臋kszenia czytelno艣ci kodu. Od C++11 wprowadzono enum class, kt贸ry oferuje silniejsze...
Funkcje s膮 jednym z kluczowych narz臋dzi w programowaniu, kt贸re pozwalaj膮 na podzielenie kodu na mniejsze, zarz膮dzalne cz臋艣ci. Funkcje sk艂adaj膮 si臋 z deklaracji (nazwa, typ zwracany, argumenty) i definicji (cia艂o funkcji)...
Obs艂uga plik贸w jest kluczow膮 umiej臋tno艣ci膮 przy pisaniu aplikacji w C i C++. Zar贸wno C, jak i C++ oferuj膮 bogaty zestaw funkcji do pracy z plikami...
Dziedziczenie to mechanizm w programowaniu obiektowym, kt贸ry pozwala na tworzenie nowych klas, wykorzystuj膮c cz臋艣膰 kodu z klasy ju偶 istniej膮cej. Klasa, z kt贸rej dziedziczymy, nazywana jest klas膮 bazow膮 lub rodzicem, natomiast klasa dziedzicz膮ca to klasa pochodna lub dziecko. Dziedziczenie pozwala kl...