Probability theory offers a structured approach to assessing the probability of events, allowing for logical and systematic reasoning about their likelihood...
Descriptive statistics offer a summary of the main characteristics of a dataset or sample. They facilitate the understanding and interpretation of data by providing measures of central tendency, dispersion, and shape. In this section, we will discuss the essential concepts and measures in descriptiv...
Expected Value (E), also known as the mean, is the long-run average of a random variable, representing the value we anticipate on average from repeated random draws from a population...
Bayes' theorem provides a way to update our probability estimates for an event based on new evidence. It connects the conditional and marginal probabilities of events, allowing us to revise our predictions or hypotheses in light of additional information. The theorem is stated mathematically as...
Probability theory is based on a set of principles, or axioms, that define the properties of the probability measure. These axioms, first formalized by the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov, are the foundation upon which the entire framework of probability is built...
One of the fundamental skills is to navigate and manage files and directories effectively. Here, we focus on the crucial concepts that will facilitate your work within the file system...
Choosing the most effective methodology for creating and merging branches in a Git repository can significantly impact your development workflow. The right branching strategy often depends on several variables, such as organizational structure, project size and complexity, as well as the team's pref...
The find, locate, and which commands are commonly used for file search operations. The find command performs a comprehensive search using attributes such as name, size, and type. locate provides a faster, albeit periodically updated, search by filename. which locates the path of a program's executab...
In NumPy, manipulating the structure of arrays is a common operation. Whether combining multiple arrays into one or splitting a single array into several parts, NumPy provides a set of intuitive functions to achieve these tasks efficiently. This guide will cover various methods to join and split arr...
Systems of linear equations are a cornerstone of linear algebra and play a crucial role in various fields such as engineering, physics, computer science, and economics. These systems involve multiple linear equations that share common variables. By utilizing matrix notation, we can represent and sol...
Designing parallel programs involves breaking down computational tasks into smaller, concurrent units to be executed simultaneously. This approach leverages the power of multiple processors to enhance performance and efficiency. Key steps in this process include partitioning, communication, agglomer...
Processes are fundamental elements in any computing system. They represent an instance of a running program and are essential for the execution of various tasks. A process is more than just the program code (often referred to as the text section in Unix); it also includes the current activity, inclu...
A matrix is a systematic arrangement of numbers (or elements) in rows and columns. An m × n matrix has m rows and n columns. The dimensions of the matrix are represented as m × n...
VTK offers a set of tools to create animations and visualize time-varying data. This is particularly useful in scenarios such as...
Evaluating the performance of parallel computing systems is crucial for understanding their efficiency and identifying potential bottlenecks. Here are key metrics and concepts for evaluating performance...
Asynchronous programming is a technique used to achieve concurrency, where tasks can be executed independently without waiting for other tasks to finish. It allows for nonblocking behavior, in contrast to synchronous execution that waits for one task to complete before starting the next task...
Linux is a versatile and powerful open-source operating system that forms the backbone of countless technological infrastructures, from servers and desktops to mobile devices and embedded systems. Known for its stability, security, and flexibility, Linux provides a robust platform that can be custom...
Multiprocessing involves running multiple processes simultaneously. Each process has its own memory space, making them more isolated from each other compared to threads, which share the same memory. This isolation means that multiprocessing can be more robust and less prone to errors from shared sta...
Debian and Ubuntu are popular Linux distributions for home users. These distributions and their derivatives use the Advanced Package Tool (APT). Other distributions use alternative package managers, like DNF, YUM, Pacman, which have unique functionalities and syntax...
Git's powerful suite of commands offers an insightful look into your codebase's progression. By probing changes, tracking progress, identifying anomalies, and fostering effective collaboration becomes easier...
Let's start by defining some key terms and emphasizing the distinctions between related concepts. In general those concepts are universal and may be applied to any programming language. The differences between the languages will be discussed in greater detail later, when we attempt to explain the sp...
When collaborating on a project, it's essential to keep your local repository updated with changes made by others in the team. Git provides powerful commands to facilitate this process...
In Git terminology, "stashing" refers to temporarily saving changes that are not ready to be committed. This allows you to switch branches or make other changes without losing your work...
Git is a robust and feature-rich version control system (VCS) created by Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux. A VCS is a software tool that helps software developers manage changes to source code over time. It assists developers in tracking different versions of their code, enabling them to revert ...
Creating your own Git server offers increased control, enhanced security, and a tailor-made environment for your repositories. It's a great alternative to relying on services like GitHub or GitLab, especially for personal projects or within an organization. Here's an expanded guide to set up a Git s...
A monorepo is a single repository that contains all the code for a project, including multiple applications, libraries, and other dependencies. Monorepos are more suitable for large, monolithic projects where there is a need for close collaboration and frequent code reuse...
Git is a powerful and widely-used version control system that is essential for managing code changes, collaborating with others, and maintaining the integrity of your projects. Here are several reasons why learning Git can be highly beneficial...
At the core of Git are a few fundamental actions: staging changes, committing those changes, and, when necessary, undoing certain actions. These notes provide a clear overview of these basic operations and some common scenarios where they are used...
Tags are references to specific points in Git history. They can be used to mark important milestones, such as releases, and provide a way to refer to specific commits in a repository...
In the world of Git, the iterative development process often results in multiple commits for minor changes. But before merging changes to a primary branch, it's valuable to have a clean, linear history. This is where the concept of "squashing" steps in...
Parallel computing is the process of breaking a task into smaller parts that can be processed simultaneously by multiple processors. These notes explore the different ways of achieving parallelism in hardware and their impact on parallel computing performance...
Machine Learning (ML), a subset of artificial intelligence, is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to effectively perform a specific task without using explicit instructions. It relies on patterns and inference instead. ML algorithms build a mathematic...
Linear Regression is a fundamental type of supervised learning algorithm in statistics and machine learning. It's utilized for modeling and analyzing the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. The goal is to predict continuous output values based on the inpu...
Neural networks, a core algorithm in machine learning, draw inspiration from the human brain's structure and function. They consist of layers containing interconnected nodes (neurons), each designed to perform specific computational tasks. Neural networks can tackle various classification problems, ...
Multiple linear regression extends the concept of simple linear regression to multiple independent variables. This technique models a dependent variable as a linear combination of several independent variables...