A Unix shell is a command-line interpreter that provides a user interface for accessing an operating system's services. It allows users to execute commands, run programs, and manage system resources. The shell acts as an intermediary between the user and the operating system kernel, translating user...
Multiple linear regression is a statistical technique used to model the relationship between a single dependent variable and two or more independent variables. It extends the concept of simple linear regression by incorporating multiple predictors to explain the variability in the dependent variable...
Inspekcja kodu, znana również jako recenzja kodu lub z angielskiego "Code Review", to proces systematycznej oceny kodu źródłowego przez jednego lub więcej programistów, którzy nie są jego autorami. Stanowi ona kluczowy element cyklu życia oprogramowania, mający na celu poprawę jakości kodu, wykrycie...
Autoregressive (AR) models are fundamental tools in time series analysis, used to describe and forecast time-dependent data. An AR model predicts future values based on a linear combination of past observations. The order of an AR model, denoted as $p$, indicates how many lagged past values are used...
W języku C++ pojęcia L-wartości (ang. l-value) i R-wartości (ang. r-value) są fundamentalne dla zrozumienia mechanizmów przypisywania, przekazywania argumentów do funkcji, zarządzania pamięcią oraz optymalizacji kodu. Precyzyjne rozróżnienie między tymi kategoriami wartości jest kluczowe dla pisania...
When collaborating on a project, it's essential to keep your local repository updated with changes made by others in the team. Git provides powerful commands to facilitate this process...
Debugowanie to fundamentalny proces w tworzeniu oprogramowania, polegający na identyfikowaniu, analizowaniu i usuwaniu błędów (bugów) w kodzie źródłowym programu. Błędy te mogą prowadzić do nieprawidłowego działania aplikacji, awarii systemu lub nieoczekiwanych rezultatów. Debugowanie umożliwia prog...
Gradient Descent is a fundamental first-order optimization algorithm widely used in mathematics, statistics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Its principal aim is to find the minimum of a given differentiable function $f(x)$. Instead of searching blindly, it uses gradient information —...
Neo4j is a leading open-source graph database management system that specializes in handling data with complex and interconnected relationships. Unlike traditional relational databases that use tables and rows, Neo4j stores data in nodes and relationships, allowing for more natural and efficient mod...
Instrukcje warunkowe są ważnym narzędziem do budowania logiki w programach. Pozwalają one na podejmowanie decyzji w oparciu o sprawdzenie pewnych warunków, które mogą być prawdziwe bądź fałszywe. W praktyce, działanie instrukcji warunkowych przypomina proces myślenia – jeśli coś jest prawdą, to wyko...
Debian and Ubuntu are popular Linux distributions for home users. These distributions and their derivatives use the Advanced Package Tool (APT). Other distributions use alternative package managers, like DNF, YUM, Pacman, which have unique functionalities and syntax...
CSS preprocessors and frameworks are two important tools in a web developer's toolbox that can help streamline the process of building websites. CSS preprocessors allow developers to use new functionality that is typically borrowed from another programming language, while frameworks provide pre-writ...
The law of total probability allows for the computation of the probability of an event A based on a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events. It's particularly useful when the overall sample space is divided into several distinct scenarios, or partitions, that cover all possible outcomes. The...
Stationarity is an important idea in time series analysis. A time series is considered stationary if its statistical properties—like the mean, variance, and autocovariance—stay constant over time. This matters because methods like ARIMA and ARMA are designed to work with stationary data, so it’s a g...
Python oferuje wszechstronne narzędzia do obsługi argumentów linii poleceń, umożliwiając tworzenie elastycznych i konfigurowalnych skryptów. W zależności od wymagań, można skorzystać zarówno z prostego modułu sys, jak i bardziej zaawansowanego argparse, które dostarczają różnorodne możliwości w zakr...
In time series analysis, understanding the relationships between observations at different time lags is crucial for model identification and forecasting. Two essential tools for analyzing these relationships are the Autocorrelation Function (ACF) and the Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF)...
Program to precyzyjnie sformułowany zestaw instrukcji lub poleceń, które komputer wykonuje w celu rozwiązania konkretnego problemu lub realizacji określonego zadania. Instrukcje te są napisane w języku programowania, który jest zrozumiały dla programistów i może być przetworzony na język zrozumiały ...
Parallel computing is the process of breaking a task into smaller parts that can be processed simultaneously by multiple processors. These notes explore the different ways of achieving parallelism in hardware and their impact on parallel computing performance...
A continuous random variable X follows a normal distribution, denoted as $X \sim \mathcal{N}(\mu,\,\sigma^{2})$. The normal distribution is characterized by its bell shape and symmetry. The majority of the values are concentrated around the mean, and there are no extreme values. It can be viewed as ...
Testy jednostkowe stanowią kluczowy element w procesie wytwarzania oprogramowania, mając na celu weryfikację indywidualnych fragmentów kodu (zazwyczaj funkcji lub metod). Pozwalają programiście mieć pewność, że napisane przez niego komponenty działają zgodnie z oczekiwaniami oraz pomagają w identyfi...
VTK offers a set of tools to create animations and visualize time-varying data. This is particularly useful in scenarios such as...
In many areas of life, we come across systems where elements are deeply interconnected—whether through physical routes, digital networks, or abstract relationships. Graphs offer a flexible way to represent and make sense of these connections...
Dynamic Programming (DP) is a way to solve complex problems by breaking them into smaller, easier problems. Instead of solving the same small problems again and again, DP stores their solutions in a structure like an array, table, or map. This avoids wasting time on repeated calculations and makes t...
Check out these curated resources to support your projects and designs. You'll find templates, components, fonts, and color palettes to fit your needs...
In computer science, a collection (often interchangeably referred to as a container) is a sophisticated data structure designed to hold multiple entities, these could be simple elements like numbers or text strings, or more complex objects like user-defined structures. Collections help you store, or...
The Taylor series is a fundamental tool in calculus and mathematical analysis, offering a powerful way to represent and approximate functions. By expanding a function around a specific point, known as the "center" or "point of expansion," we can express it as an infinite sum of polynomial terms deri...
Aby zainstalować Git, należy pobrać instalator z oficjalnej strony https://git-scm.com/downloads i przejść przez proces instalacji. W systemie Linux dla wersji opartych na Debianie, można użyć polecenia...
Designing a new database is like planning a city—you must know what its users need before you build it. Database requirements analysis means collecting clear details about what the system should do to meet an organization’s goals. This step determines how the data will be stored, retrieved, and main...
Multiprocessing involves running multiple processes simultaneously. Each process has its own memory space, making them more isolated from each other compared to threads, which share the same memory. This isolation means that multiprocessing can be more robust and less prone to errors from shared sta...
The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a standardized and portable message-passing system designed to function on a wide variety of parallel computing architectures. It provides a set of library routines that can be called from programming languages like C, C++, and Fortran to write parallel applica...
Input redirection (<) allows a command to read from a file, while output redirection (>) sends a command's output to a file. Streams like stdin, stdout, and stderr control the flow of data between commands and the system, where stdin is the input, stdout is the standard output, and stderr is the err...
A partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation that involves...
In Linux, user management is a crucial aspect of system administration. A user is essentially an entity that can log into the computer system and perform tasks based on the permissions granted to them. The Linux operating system stores user-related information in a couple of key files: /etc/passwd a...
Programowanie obiektowe (ang. Object-Oriented Programming, OOP) to jeden z najpopularniejszych i najbardziej przemyślanych sposobów tworzenia oprogramowania. Polega na organizowaniu kodu w logiczne jednostki (obiekty), które łączą dane (atrybuty) i funkcje (metody) w jedną spójną całość. Dzięki temu...
Tablice to kontenery przechowujące wiele elementów tego samego typu, uporządkowane w określonej kolejności. Każdy element w tablicy można identyfikować za pomocą jego indeksu, przy czym indeksy zaczynają się od zera. Tablice są fundamentalnym elementem języka C++, umożliwiającym przechowywanie i zar...