Articles

Visualization Techniques 🇺🇸

April 26, 2025
Category: Vtk Examples

In modern data analysis, visual exploration often becomes the fastest — and sometimes the only — way to grasp relationships hidden in large, multi-dimensional datasets. VTK meets this challenge by bundling dozens of state-of-the-art algorithms behind a consistent, object-oriented API that can be com...

Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation 🇺🇸

April 25, 2025
Category: Numerical Methods

Lagrange Polynomial Interpolation is a widely used technique for determining a polynomial that passes exactly through a given set of data points. Suppose we have a set of $(n+1)$ data points $(x_0, y_0), (x_1, y_1), \ldots, (x_n, y_n)$ where all $x_i$ are distinct. The aim is to find a polynomial $L...

Tar and Gzip 🇺🇸

April 19, 2025
Category: Linux Notes

Working with files on Unix-based systems often involves managing multiple files and directories, especially when it comes to storage or transferring data. Tools like tar and gzip are invaluable for packaging and compressing files efficiently. Understanding how to use these commands can simplify task...

Bayesian vs Frequentist 🇺🇸

April 14, 2025
Category: Statistics Notes

Bayesian and frequentist statistics are two distinct approaches to statistical inference. Both approaches aim to make inferences about an underlying population based on sample data. However, the way they interpret probability and handle uncertainty is fundamentally different...

Sorting 🇺🇸

April 11, 2025
Category: Algorithms And Data Structures

In the realm of computer science, 'sorting' refers to the process of arranging a collection of items in a specific, predetermined order. This order is based on certain criteria that are defined beforehand...

Project Structure 🇺🇸

April 05, 2025
Category: Frontend Notes

A well-organized project structure is fundamental to the success of any software development project. It ensures that the code remains maintainable, scalable, and understandable, especially as the project grows in complexity and size. Adapting the structure based on the project's needs is essential ...

Multiple Comparisons 🇺🇸

March 26, 2025
Category: Statistics Notes

When conducting multiple hypothesis tests simultaneously, the likelihood of committing at least one Type I error (falsely rejecting a true null hypothesis) increases. This increase is due to the problem known as the "multiple comparisons problem" or the "look-elsewhere effect". The methods to addres...

Trapezoidal Rule 🇺🇸

March 03, 2025
Category: Numerical Methods

The Trapezoidal Rule is a fundamental numerical integration technique employed to approximate definite integrals, especially when an exact antiderivative of the function is difficult or impossible to determine analytically. This method is widely used in various fields such as engineering, physics, a...

Simple Linear Regression 🇺🇸

March 02, 2025
Category: Statistics Notes

Simple linear regression is a fundamental statistical method used to model the relationship between a single dependent variable and one independent variable. It aims to find the best-fitting straight line through the data points, which can be used to predict the dependent variable based on the indep...

Probability Tree 🇺🇸

February 20, 2025
Category: Statistics Notes

Probability trees are a visual representation of all possible outcomes of a probabilistic experiment and the paths leading to these outcomes. They are especially helpful in understanding sequences of events, particularly when these events are conditional on previous outcomes...

Newton Polynomial 🇺🇸

February 16, 2025
Category: Numerical Methods

Newton’s Polynomial, often referred to as Newton’s Interpolation Formula, is another classical approach to polynomial interpolation. Given a set of data points $(x_0,y_0),(x_1,y_1),\dots,(x_n,y_n)$ with distinct $x_i$ values, Newton’s method constructs an interpolating polynomial in a form that make...

Logistic Regression 🇺🇸

February 07, 2025
Category: Statistics Notes

Logistic regression is a statistical method used for modeling the probability of a binary outcome based on one or more predictor variables. It is widely used in various fields such as medicine, social sciences, and machine learning for classification problems where the dependent variable is dichotom...

Selinux 🇺🇸

January 20, 2025
Category: Linux Notes

Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a robust security module integrated into the Linux kernel that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies. Unlike traditional discretionary access control (DAC) systems where users have control over their own files and processes, SELinux...

Eventual Consistency 🇺🇸

January 03, 2025
Category: Databases Notes

Imagine a distributed system with multiple nodes—servers or databases—that share data. When an update occurs on one node, it doesn't instantly reflect on the others due to factors like network latency or processing delays. However, the system is designed so that all nodes will eventually synchronize...

Clustering 🇺🇸

December 19, 2024
Category: Stanford Machine Learning

Unsupervised learning, a core component of machine learning, focuses on discerning the inherent structure of data without any labeled examples. Clustering, a pivotal task in unsupervised learning, aims to organize data into meaningful groups or clusters. A quintessential algorithm for clustering is ...

How Tables and Indexes Are Stored on Disk 🇺🇸

December 16, 2024
Category: Databases Notes

Exploring how databases store tables and indexes on disk can provide valuable insights into optimizing performance and managing data efficiently. Let's delve into the fundamental concepts of disk storage in relational databases, focusing on the structures and mechanisms that underlie data organizati...

Javascript 🇺🇸

December 10, 2024
Category: Frontend Notes

JavaScript is a programming language that is primarily used for client-side scripting (making web pages interactive). Since NodeJS we can also use JavaScript in server-side scripting (e.g. for APIs). ...

Support Vector Machines 🇺🇸

November 10, 2024
Category: Stanford Machine Learning

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are powerful tools in machine learning, and their formulation can be derived from logistic regression cost functions. This article delves into the mathematical underpinnings of SVMs, starting with logistic regression and transitioning to the SVM framework...

Aggregate Functions 🇺🇸

November 07, 2024
Category: Databases Notes

Aggregate functions in SQL are powerful tools that allow you to perform calculations on a set of values to return a single scalar value. They are commonly used with the GROUP BY clause to group rows that share a common attribute and then perform calculations on each group. Aggregate functions are es...

Accessing Database in Code 🇺🇸

November 04, 2024
Category: Databases Notes

Accessing databases through code is a fundamental skill for developers building applications that rely on data storage and retrieval. Whether you're developing a web application, mobile app, or any software that requires data persistence, understanding how to interact with databases programmatically...

Combining Arrays 🇺🇸

October 25, 2024
Category: Numpy Tutorials

In NumPy, manipulating the structure of arrays is a common operation. Whether combining multiple arrays into one or splitting a single array into several parts, NumPy provides a set of intuitive functions to achieve these tasks efficiently. Understanding how to join and split arrays is essential for...

Arima Models 🇺🇸

October 08, 2024
Category: Statistics Notes

ARMA, ARIMA, and SARIMA are models commonly used to analyze and forecast time series data. ARMA (AutoRegressive Moving Average) combines two ideas: using past values to predict current ones (autoregression) and smoothing out noise using past forecast errors (moving average). ARIMA (AutoRegressive In...

Regression 🇺🇸

October 03, 2024
Category: Numerical Methods

Regression analysis and curve fitting are critical methods in statistical analysis and machine learning. Both aim to find a function that best approximates a set of data points, yet their typical applications may vary slightly. They are particularly useful in understanding relationships among variab...

Wyrazenia Regularne 🇵🇱

September 14, 2024
Category: Kurs Podstaw Pythona

Wyrażenia regularne to potężne narzędzie do wyszukiwania, analizy i manipulacji tekstem. Umożliwiają one definiowanie wzorców tekstowych, które można następnie odnaleźć w ciągach znaków. Wyrażenia regularne są często wykorzystywane do...

Newtons Method 🇺🇸

September 11, 2024
Category: Numerical Methods

Newton's method (or the Newton-Raphson method) is a powerful root-finding algorithm that exploits both the value of a function and its first derivative to rapidly refine approximations to its roots. Unlike bracketing methods that work by enclosing a root between two points, Newton's method is an ope...

Archive 🇺🇸

September 07, 2024
Category: Git Notes

Git archive is a handy tool for creating compressed archives of a repository’s content. It’s designed to generate snapshots of your project at a specific state, which can then be shared, backed up, or used in deployment scenarios. Unlike simply copying files, this command ensures that only the track...

Performance Monitoring and Tuning 🇺🇸

August 20, 2024
Category: Databases Notes

Performance monitoring and tuning involve the continuous process of measuring, analyzing, and optimizing the performance of a database system. In today's data-driven world, ensuring that databases operate efficiently is crucial for maintaining user satisfaction, maximizing resource utilization, and ...

Dekoratory 🇵🇱

August 20, 2024
Category: Kurs Podstaw Pythona

Dekoratory w Pythonie to potężne narzędzie, które pozwala na dynamiczne dodawanie funkcjonalności do istniejących funkcji lub metod. Są one często używane do rozszerzania, modyfikowania lub dostosowywania zachowania funkcji bez konieczności modyfikowania samego kodu źródłowego...

Singular Value Decomposition 🇺🇸

August 07, 2024
Category: Numerical Methods

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is a fundamental matrix decomposition technique widely used in numerous areas of science, engineering, and data analysis. Unlike the Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD), which is restricted to square and diagonalizable matrices, SVD applies to any rectangular matrix. It...

Integration Introduction 🇺🇸

August 04, 2024
Category: Numerical Methods

$$\int_{1}^{2} x^2 dx \approx \sum_{i=1}^{10} h \cdot f(1 + 0.1i)$...

Dokumentacja 🇵🇱

July 19, 2024
Category: Kurs Podstaw Pythona

Dokumentacja jest istotnym elementem każdego projektu programistycznego. Umożliwia użytkownikom zrozumienie, jak działa aplikacja, jak jest zbudowana, oraz jakie funkcje oferuje. Odpowiednio przygotowana dokumentacja pomaga również innym programistom w szybkim zrozumieniu kodu, ułatwiając jego dalsz...

Squashing Commits 🇺🇸

July 12, 2024
Category: Git Notes

In Git, you might accumulate multiple small commits over the course of developing a new feature, fixing small bugs, or refactoring code. While these incremental commits are crucial during active development, they can clutter the project history in the long term. This clutter becomes especially evide...

Input and Output 🇺🇸

June 29, 2024
Category: Vtk Examples

VTK offers a comprehensive suite of tools for reading and writing a variety of data formats. This includes the native VTK file formats (legacy and XML-based), as well as numerous third-party formats...

Kod Bajtowy 🇵🇱

June 29, 2024
Category: Kurs Podstaw Pythona

Kod bajtowy (ang. bytecode) w Pythonie to pośrednia, niskopoziomowa reprezentacja kodu źródłowego, która jest zrozumiała dla wirtualnej maszyny Pythona (Python Virtual Machine, PVM). Kiedy uruchamiamy skrypt Pythona, interpreter nie wykonuje bezpośrednio kodu źródłowego; zamiast tego, najpierw kompi...

Intro to Sql 🇺🇸

June 17, 2024
Category: Databases Notes

Welcome to the world of SQL, where you can communicate with databases using simple, yet powerful commands. SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, is a standardized language designed specifically for managing and querying relational databases...